[1]John P. Henderson, The Life and Economics of David Ricardo (New York: Springer, 1995), 81–82, 105–111, 120; David Weatherall, David Ricardo: A Biography (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1976), 5, 13.
[2]David Ricardo, The Works of David Ricardo, Esq., M.P. (Union, NJ: The Lawbook Exchange, 2000), 385, 75.
[3]Larry Neal and Jeffrey G. Williamson,“The Future of Capitalism,”in The Cambridge History of Capitalism, ed. Neal and Williamson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 532.
[4]“An Act to repeal the Laws relative to Artifcers going into Foreign Parts,”5 Geo. 4 c. 97. 關於李嘉圖扮演的角色，參考1824年2月12日約瑟夫·休姆的評論，參見Hansard, 10 Parl. Deb. (2nd ser.) (1824) col. 141。其中最著名的例子是1846年廢除《穀物法》。
[5]Findlay and O’Rourke, Power and Plenty, 314, 325.關於第一波全球化的時間，參見Giovanni Federico and Antonio Tena-Junguito,“A Tale of Two Globalizations: Gains from Trade and Openness 1800–2010,”Review of World Economics 153 (2017): 601–626, and Michel Fouquin and Jules Hugot,“Back to the Future: International Trade Costs and the Two Globalizations,”Centre d’études prospectives et d’informations internationales, working paper no. 2016–13 (2016).
[6]Sven Beckert, Empire of Coton: A Global History (New York: Knopf, 2015), 199–241, 306–307, 334; Roderick Floud and Bernard Harris,“Health, Height, and Welfare: Britain 1700–1980,”in Health and Welfare During Industrialization, ed. Richard H. Steckel and Floud (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 91–126; Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist, ch. 50.
[7]Pomeranz, Great Divergence, 33; Richard E. Baldwin and Philippe Martin,“Two Waves of Globalisation: Superficial Similarities, Fundamental Differences,”NBER working paper 6904 (1999).
[8]C. Knick Harley,“Ocean Freight Rates and Productivity, 1740–1913,”Journal of Economic History 48 (1988): 857–858.根據哈利的數據，1959年，一艘從美國駛往利物浦的船平均可載接近140萬磅（約合700噸）的棉花，這個數字在1820年是22萬9000磅（約合115噸）。此處的數據引自Federico and Tena Junguito,“World Trade, 1800–1938”。David S. Jacks and Krishna Pendakur, in“Global Trade and the Maritime Transport Revolution,”Review of Economics and Statistics 92 (2010): 745–755，強調低廉的運費和貿易量的增加之間的因果關係是雙向的。
[9]19世紀70年代，帆船仍然在東亞和跨太平洋航行中占主導地位，參見Bert Becker,“Coastal Shipping in East Asia in the Late Nineteenth Century,”Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch 50 (2010): 245–302, and Max E. Fletcher,“The Suez Canal and World Shipping, 1869–1914,”Journal of Economic History 18, no. 4 (1958): 556–573. 關於美國貿易，參見Charles H. Fitch,“Report on Marine Engines and Steam Vessels in the United States Merchant Service”(1880), in Report on Power and Machinery Employed in Manufactures, by US Department of the Interior (Washington, DC: Department of the Interior, Census Office, 1888). 直到1876年，英國船塢建造的大多數船隻仍然是帆船，參見Mark Dunkley, Ships and Boats, 1840–1950 (s.l.: Historic England, 2016). 關於運費率，參見Douglass C. North,“Ocean Freight Rates and Economic Development 1750–1913,”Journal of Economic History 18 (1958): 537–555; Federico and Tena Junguito,“World Trade, 1800–1938”。
[10]Gelina Harlafis, Creating Global Shipping (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019); H?ken Lobell,“Foreign Exchange Rates, 1804–1914,”Swedish Rjksbank, https://www.riksbank.se/globalassets/media/forskning/monetar-statistik/volym1/6.pdf, table A-6, accessed March 15, 2020.
[11]Antoni Estevadeordal, Brian Frantz, and Alan M. Taylor,“The Rise and Fall of World Trade, 1870–1939,”Quarterly Journal of Economics 188 (2003): 359–407; Findlay and O’Rourke, Power and Plenty, 404–405.
[12]Dong-Woon Kim,“J. & P. Coats as a Multinational before 1914,”Business and Economic History 26 (1997): 526–539; Alan Green and M. C. Urquhart,“Factor and Commodity Flows in the International Economy of 1870–1914: A Multi-Country View,”Journal of Economic History 36 (1976): 217–252; Kevin H. O’Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson,“Introduction: The Spread of and Resistance to Global Capitalism,”in Neal and Williamson, Cambridge History of Capitalism, 11; John H. Dunning, Studies in International Investment (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1970), 171; John H. Dunning,“Changes in the Level and Structure of International Production: The Last One Hundred Years,”in The Growth of International Business, ed. Mark Casson (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1983), 84–139.
[13]Campbell Gibson and Emily Lennon,“Nativity of the Population and Place of Birth of the Native Population, 1850 to 1990,”US Census Bureau, Population Division, revised October 31, 2011, https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0029/tab01.html; Stefan Zweig, The World of Yesterday (New York: Viking, 1943; repr. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1964), 194; Barry R. Chiswick and Timothy J. Haton,“International Migration and the Integration of Labor Markets,”in Globalization in Historical Perspective, ed. Michael D. Bordo, Alan M. Taylor, and Jeffrey G. Williamson (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 81.
[14]Adam McKeown,“Global Migration, 1846–1940,”Journal of World History 15 (2004): 155–189.
[15]Dunning,“Changes in the Level,”87–88; Hein A. M. Klemann,“The Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine,”in The Rhine: A Transnational Economic History, ed. Ralf Banken and Ben Wubs (Baden Baden: Nomos, 2017), 31–68; Leslie Hannah,“Logistics, Market Size, and Giant Plants in the Early Twentieth Century: A Global View,”Journal of Economic History 68 (2008): 46–79; Sidney Pollard,“The Integration of European Business in the ‘Long’ Nineteenth Century,”Vierteljahrschrif für Sozial- und Wirtschafsgeschichte 84, no. 2 (1997): 156–170.
[16]1906年美國對歐洲的出口中，製成品占27%，但其中大部分是附加值不高的產品，如精煉銅和石油，參見US Department of Commerce and Labor, Exports of Manufactures from the United States and Their Distribution by Articles and Countries, 1800 to 1906 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1906), 32–33和Douglas Irwin,“Explaining America’s Surge in Manufactured Exports, 1880–1913,”Review of Economics and Statistics 85 (2003): 364–376。關於比屬剛果，參見Maya Jasanoff, The Dawn Watch (New York: Penguin, 2017), 205–210。
[17]Pomeranz, Great Divergence, 55; David Chilosi and Giovanni Federico,“Asian Globalizations: Market Integration, Trade, and Economic Growth, 1800–1938,”London School of Economics Department of Economic History working paper 183 (2013). 約翰·R. 漢森為Trade in Transition: Exports from the Third World, 1840–1900 (New York: Academic, 1980) 編纂了亞洲、非洲和拉丁美洲的貿易數據，美國經濟史學會的網站eh.net於2018年8月9日刊登了該書的評論文章。世界貿易占比的數據引自Federico and Tena Junguito,“World Trade, 1800–1938”。
[18]關於英國人的卡路裏攝入量，參見Michael Miller, Europe and the Maritime World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 218。Ronald Findlay and Kevin H. O’Rourke,“Commodity Market Integration, 1500–2000,”in Bordo, Taylor, and Williamson, Globalization in Historical Perspective, 13–64估算的進出口量占全球總產量的比值更低。Federico and Tena Junguito,“World Trade, 1800–1938”和 Giovanni Federico and Antonio Tena Junguito,“Federico-Tena World Trade Historical Database: World Share Primary Products Exports and Imports,”e-cienciaDatos, V2, 2018, doi:10.21950/O53TLR估算的比值更高。
[19]US Department of Commerce and Labor, Exports of Manufactures, 5, 34. 製造業企業材料總價值的數據是1905年的。