第四章

[1]Barry Eichengreen and Peter Temin,“Feters of Gold and Paper,”NBER working paper 16202 (2010); Barry Eichengreen, Golden Feters: The Gold Standard and the Great Depression, 1919–1939 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).

[2]Barry Eichengreen, Globalizing Capital (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008),ch. 4; Lawrence H. Officer,“Exchange Rates between the United States Dollar and Forty-one Currencies,”MeasuringWorth, 2018, http://www.measuringworth.com/exchangeglobal/; Robinson quoted in Wilkins, History of Foreign Investment, 566.

[3]Chad P. Bown and Douglas A. Irwin,“The GAT’s Starting Point: Tari? Levels circa 1947,”NBER working paper 21782 (2015); Reciprocal Trade Agreement between the United States of America and Nicaragua, e?ective October 1, 1936, US Department of State Executive Agreement Series, No. 95. 《關貿總協定》第二十四條有關於關稅同盟和自由貿易協定的內容。

[4]97 Cong. Rec. 10842 (August 30, 1951); Food and Agriculture Organization, The State of Food and Agriculture 1948 (Washington, DC: Food and Agriculture Organization, 1948), 4–12. 5.

[5]Benn Steil, The Marshall Plan (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017).

[6]Barry Eichengreen, The European Economy since 1945: Coordinated Capitalism and Beyond (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), 6. 在馬歇爾計劃之外，美國通過第二次世界大戰結束後幾年對西德和日本的軍事統治，對兩國的經濟施加了巨大的影響。

[7]這段引文摘自羅伯特·舒曼發表於1950年5月9日的一段演說。該協議編入Treaty Constituting the European Coal and Steel Community, April 18, 1951 (American Journal of International Law 46, no. S4 (1952): 107–48, doi:10.2307/2213971)。

[8]Eichengreen, European Economy, 82, 84.生產力和收入的數據引自格羅寧根增長（Groningen Growth and Development Centre）與發展中心和世界大型企業研究會（Conference Board）的全球經濟數據庫（Total Economy Database），它們的數據都來自安格斯·麥迪森的研究成果。關於意大利的出口，參見Alfred Maizels, Industrial Growth and World Trade (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963), 479。

[9]Maizels, Industrial Growth, 8, 133–134, 535, 539.

[10]Maizels, 122–123, 243.

[11]引自Marc Levinson, An Extraordinary Time (New York: Basic Bo-oks, 2016), 36–46。

[12]David M. G. Newbery and Joseph E. Stiglitz, The Teory of Commodity Price Stabilization (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981), 13; UNCTAD, Convention on a Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences, Geneva, April 6, 1974, UN Treaty Series 1334: 15 and 1365: 360, article 2.

[13]UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport 1968 (New York: UN, 1968), 4.