[50] 參見Patrick Dewes Hannan,“The Early Chinese Short Story:A Critical Theory in Outline”,Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,Vol.27,1967.也可參見Cyril Birch(ed.),Studies in Chinese Literary Gen res,pp.299-338.

[51] Hsia Chih-ching,“The Military Romance:A Genre of Chinese Fiction”,Translated from Ch’un wen-hsüeh(台北),Vol.3,No.13,1968.原以中文發表,後譯成英文,刊於白之所編《中國文類研究》中。

[52] Y.W.Ma,“The Chinese Historical Novel:An Outline of Themes and Contexts”,Journal of Asian Studies,Vol.34,No.2,1975.

[53] 參見William H.Nienhauser,Jr.,“ A Structural Reading of the Chuan in the Weng-yüan Ying-hua”,Journal of Asian Studies,Vol.36,No.3,1977,pp.443-456.可參見[美]倪豪士:《傳記與小說:唐代文學比較論集》,北京,中華書局,2007。倪豪士認為,這些類碼包括五個分項,即敘事法(narration)、模子(mode)、風格(style)、結構(structure)、意涵(meaning)。按,由於籠統的中國“小說”中類別名稱的確立有較大的隨機性,因此重新立名的建議也有一定的合理性。

[54] 參見Anthony-C.Yu,“History,Fiction and the Reading of Chinese Narrative”,Chinese Literature:Essays,Article,Review,Vol.10,No.1/2,1988.

[55] Victor H.Mair,The Columbia History of Chinese Literature,Columbia University Press,2001.第一章為“原基”(foundations),此後依詩歌、散文、小說、戲劇四門類排列,終章為通俗文學。

[56] 關於“文體”這一概念在與“文類”這一概念相比時的不足,孫康宜、宇文所安等人都有討論,參見[美]孫康宜:《詞與文類研究》,2頁;[美]宇文所安:《中國文論:英譯與評論》,3頁。另,國內學者周發祥也有辨析,並認為以後最好不要用文體這樣含糊不清的詞語。參見周發祥:《西方文論與中國文學》,286~288頁,南京,江蘇教育出版社,1997。

[57] 陳世驤:《陳世驤文存》,沈陽,遼寧教育出版社,1998。該集收入了集中論述抒情傳統的三篇論文,即《中國的抒情傳統》(1971)、《中國詩字之原始觀念試論》(1959)、《原興:兼論中國文學特質》(1969)。但是,仍有些論述同一主題的英文原作並未輯入。

[58] 這一在20世紀50年代之後甚為流行的“新古典主義”,也稱“芝加哥學派”,最初即以亞裏士多德的三分法(戲劇、史詩與抒情詩)為其文類理論展開之起點。參見R.S.Crane,The Languages of Criticism and the structure of Poetry,University of Toronto Press,1953.需要指出,陳世驤理論的西方淵源一直為學術界所忽視,反而更多地是被連接到中國的新文學傳統中,故至少從理論緣起上看,有些瞄錯了靶心。

[59] James J.Y.Liu,“Lyrics of Liu Yung ”,Tamkang Review,Vol.1,No.2,1971.

[60] James J.Y.Liu,Major Lyricists of the Northern Sung,Princeton University,1974.

[61] James J.Y.Liu,“Some Literary Qualities of the Lyric Tz’u”,Cyril Birch(ed.),Studies in Chinese Literary Gen res,pp.133-153.

[62] [美]高友工:《美典:中國文學研究論集》,83頁。

[63] Shuen-fu Lin,The Transformation of the Chinese Lyrical Tradition:Chiang K’uei and Southern Sung Tz’u Poetry,Princeton University Press,1978.

[64] 宇文所安早期所撰《中國古典詩歌與詩學:世界的征兆》一書,討論中國詩所使用的概念也集中在“Lyric”上。參見Stephen Owen,Traditional Chinese Poetry and Poetics:Omen of the World,The University of Wisconsin Press,1985.

[65] Daniel Bryant,Lyric Poet of Southern T’ang:Feng Yen-ssu,903-960 and Li Yu 937-978,Vancouber University of British Columbia Press,1982.較晚的著述還可參見David R.McCraw,Chinese Lyricists of the Seventeenth Century,University of Hawai‘i Press,1990.

[66] Kang-i Sun Chang,Six Dynasties Poetry,Princeton University Press,1986.

[67] Craig Fisk,“Literary Criticism”,William H.Nienhauser,Jr.(ed.),The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature,Indiana University Press,1986,p.52.

[68] 參見Pauline Yu,“Alienation Effects:Comparative Literature and the Chinese Tradition”,Clayton Koelb and Susan Noakes(eds.),The Comparative Perspective on Literature,Cornell University,1988.更詳細的論述可參見其The Reading of Imagery in the Chinese Poetic Tradition .

[69] Pauline Yu(ed.),Voice of the Song Lyric in China,University of California Press,1994.其中也收入餘寶琳《宋代抒情詞及其經典》(Song Lyrics and the Canon:A Look at Anthologies of Tz’u)一文。

[70] 參見Cecile Chu-chin Sun,Pearl from the Dragon’s Mouth:Evocation of Feeling and Scene in Chinese Poetry,Center for Chinese Studies,the University of Michigan,1995;“Comparing Chinese and English Lyrics:The Correlative Mode of Presentation”,Tamkang Review,Vol.14,No.1,2,3,4,1983.

[71] 較早的論述參見Yu-kung Kao,“Lyric Vision in Chinese Narrative:A Reading of Huang-lou Meng and Ju-lin Wai-shi”,Andrew H.Plaks(ed.),Chinese Narrative:Critical and Theoretical Essays.此文最初是為1974年在普林斯頓大學召開的“中國敘事理論”會議準備的稿件。

[72] 參見Archibald Macleish,Poetry and Experience,Boston,Houghton Mifflin Company,1960,p.7.

[73] William McNaughton,“The Composite Images:Shy Jing Poetics ”,Journal of the American Oriental Society,Vol.83,No.1,1963.此後,該文被編入麥克諾頓的論集《詩經》(The Book of Songs,New York,Twayne Publishers,1971)。

[74] 更詳盡的介述參見任增強的博士學位論文《何為漢詩?——英美漢學家眼中的中國詩性》,第三章第四節,北京,北京語言大學,2011。

[75] 關於對此看法的一種糾正性研究,也可參見Zong-qi Cai,Configurations of Comparative Poetics:Three Perspectives on Western and Chinese Literary Criticism,University of Hawai‘i Press,2002.

[76] 參見James J.Y.Liu,The Art of Chinese Poetry,Part I,Chapter3,“Auditory Effects of Chinese and The Bases of Versification”,pp.20-38;Part Ⅲ,Chapter 4,“Antithesis”,pp.146-150.

[77] 參見James J.Y.Liu,The Art of Chinese Poetry,Part Ⅲ,Chapter 2,“Imagery and Symbolism”,pp.101-130.

[78] “文化前設”概念的使用,參見Pauline Yu,The Reading of Imagery in the Chinese Poetic Tradition,“Preface”,p.ix,x.差不多等於作者於他處所說的“cosmology”。

[79] [美]傅漢思:《梅花與宮闈佳麗》,“前言”,2頁,北京,生活·讀書·新知三聯書店,2010。

[80] “詩律”也是新批評研究的一個重點,如維姆薩特1972年出版的《詩律:主要語言類型》(Versification:Major Language Types),即收入傅漢思《古漢語》一文。

[81] [美]宇文所安:《初唐詩》,323頁,北京,生活·讀書·新知三聯書店,2004。

[82] 對對應法更詳細的論述,參見Stephen Owen,Traditional Chinese Poetry and Poetics:Omen of the World,Chapter 3,“An Uncreated Universe:Cosmogony,Concepts,and Couplets”,pp.78-107.此期漢學家對對應法之重要性的解釋依據,也可追溯至從索緒爾至雅各布森、列維-施特勞斯、格雷馬斯等結構主義者對“二元對立模式”的解釋,他們均將之作為語言“結構”的一種基本構成法則。參見Terence Hawkes,Structuralism and Semiotics,University of California Press,1977.

[83] 參見[美]宇文所安:《盛唐詩》,北京,生活·讀書·新知三聯書店,2004。另,《初唐詩》附有《宮體詩的“語法”》《聲律格式》二文。

[84] 參見[美]高友工:《美典:中國文學研究論集》,179~216頁。

[85] 參見Yu-kung Kao and Tsu-Lin Mei,“Syntax,Diction,and Imagery in T’ang Poetry”,Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,Vol.31,1971,p.51.按,偏向於“肌理”研究的取徑似與蘭色姆的思想合拍,蘭氏雖提出了“骨架—肌理”共同構成一首詩的本體,然卻又以為詩歌表現能力主要體現在肌理而非骨架上。參見John Crowe Ransom,“Criticism as Pure Speculation”,Morton Dauwen Zabel(ed.),Literary Opinion in America,Essays Illustrating the Status,Methods,and Problems of Criticism in the United States in the Twentieth Century,New York,Harper & Brothers,1951.新批評其他成員並不讚同其說,故又有“有機整體”及張力關係等表述。幾年後,高友工、梅祖麟的關注點也有所調整。

[86] 參見Yu-kung Kao and Tsu-Lin Mei,“Meaning,Metaphor,and Allusion in T’ang Poetry”,Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,Vol.38,No.2,1978.

[87] 關於永明時期梵文音韻對律詩聲調確立的影響,最初是德庇時提到的。與高友工同時,梅祖麟、梅維恒等人也在著力研究,參見Tsu-Lin Mei,“Tones and Prosody in Middle Chinese and The Origin of The Rising Tone”,Harvard Journal of Asiatic StudiesVol.30,1970;Victor H.Mair and Tsu-Lin Mei,“The Sanskrit Origins of Recent Style Prosody”,Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studie s,Vol.51,No.2,1991.

[88] Yu-kung Kao,“The Aesthetics of ‘Regulated Verse’”,Lin Shuen-fu and Stephen Owen(eds.),The Vitality of the Lyric Voice:Shih Poetry from the Late Han to T’ang .也可參見[美]高友工:《律詩美學》,見樂黛雲、陳玨:《北美中國古典文學研究名家十年文選》,78頁,南京,江蘇人民出版社,1996。

[89] Yu-kung Kao,“Chinese Lyric Aesthetics”,Words and Images:Chinese Poetry,Calligraphy,and Painting,p.72.

[90] 其實形式慣則與作品所表達的主題、蘊含與材料等之間關係,並非如此簡單,依賴“內化”“對應”等概念仍是比較機械的解釋。關於此問題的另一種,也是更為融洽的解說,可參童慶炳教授的“內容與形式相互征服”之論,參見童慶炳:《文體與文體的創造》,昆明,雲南人民出版社,1994。

[91] 參見Andrew H.Plaks,“Where the Lines Meets:Parallelism in Chinese and Western Literature”,Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Review,Vol.10,No.1/2,1988,pp.43-60.

[92] 參見Journal of Chinese Linguistics,Vol.8,No.1,1980.

[93] Joel Elias Spingarn,“Foreword to Tsang-Lang Discourse on Poetry”,The Dial Magazine,Vol.73,No.3,1922,p.271.

[94] Joel Elias Spingarn,“Foreword to Tsang-Lang Discourse on Poetry”,The Dial Magazine,Vol.73,No.3,1922,p.272.

[95] Joel Elias Spingarn,“Foreword to Tsang-Lang Discourse on Poetry”,The Dial Magazine,Vol.73,No.3,1922,p.272.

[96] 參見Joel Elias Spingarn,“Foreword to Tsang-Lang Discourse on Poetry”,The Dial Magazine,Vol.73,No.3,1922,pp.272-273.

[97] Ernest Richard Hughes,The Art of Letters,New York,Bollingen Found Inc.,1951,p.92.

[98] 參見Ernest Richard Hughes,The Art of Letters,Preface,pp.xii-xiii.

[99] Ernest Richard Hughes,The Art of Letters,pp.197-198.

[100] 理查茲的原話為:“The Western world could owe as much to this ‘axe grasped to cut an axe-handle’ as to any thing in its own tradition of literary criticism.”I.A.Richards,The Art of Letters,Forenote,p.x.

[101] 此類敘述貫穿全文,然我們也有必要注意,修中誠在概括中國詩學書寫時所強調的“double-harness”的概念,即一種“雙行式”的思維,在文類意義上表述時也可譯作“駢文”;泛義上可指詩與科學、直覺與情感、東方與西方等的並行和融通。

[102] Ernest Richard Hughes,The Art of Letters,p.88.

[103] 泛而論之,也可包括中西翻譯理論中所呈示的比較研究。這方麵比較有代表性的後期論著,可舉例的有Eugene Chen Ouyang,The Transparent Eye:Reflection on Translation,Chinese Literature,and Comparative Poetics,University of Hawai‘i Press,1993.

[104] 據原書的封麵,其中文書名實為“語言與詩”。參見James J.Y.Liu,Language-Paradox-Poetics:A Chinese Perspective,Princeton University Press,1988.

[105] [美]劉若愚:《中國文學理論》,72頁。

[106] [美]劉若愚:《中國文學理論》,73頁。

[107] Stephen Owen,Traditional Chinese Poetry and Poetics:Omen of the World,p.34.

[108] 隱喻的概念雖然也在此前被餘寶琳、高友工等用以解釋中國傳統詩學,但是宇文所安以為,真正意義上的西方隱喻概念,或他所認定的隱喻概念,則主要是指一種整體性的隔層指涉,因此與模仿論有密切的關係。參見Stephen Owen,Traditional Chinese Poetry and Poetics:Omen of the World,pp.56-57,292-293.

[109] 參見Stephen Owen,Traditional Chinese Poetry and Poetics:Omen of the World,pp.78-82.

[110] 參見Stephen Owen,Traditional Chinese Poetry and Poetics:Omen of the World,p.62.

[111] 據餘寶琳自述,在寫作此書時,她並沒有受到宇文所安上書的影響,因此可謂英雄所見略同。她也提到,本書的立論更多是建立在自己20世紀80年代初所發表的兩篇論文的基礎上,即“Metaphor and Chinese Poetry”,Chinese Literature:Essays,Article,Review,3.2,July,1981;“Allegory,Allegoresis,and the Classic of Poetry”,Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,43.2,Dec.,1983.

[112] 參見Pauline Yu,The Reading of Imagery in the Chinese Poetic Tradition,p.32.

[113] 參見Pauline Yu,The Reading of Imagery in the Chinese Poetic Tradition,p.80.

[114] 思想史研究方麵的這一轉型,可參見葛瑞漢對史華茲(Benjamin I.Schwartz)“相似論”的批評。A.C.Graham,“Review of Benjamin I.Schwartz’s The World of Thought in Ancient China ”,Times Literary Supplement,18,July,1986.對這一領域更廣泛變化的揭示可參見黃卓越:《後儒學之途:轉向與譜係》,載《清華大學學報(哲學社會科學版)》,2009(3)。

[115] 這一關於“語境”的論述,參見Yu Pauline,“Alienation Effects:Comparative Literature and the Chinese Tradition”,Clayton Koebl and Susan Noakes(eds.),The Comparative Perspective Literature,Cornell University Press,1988,pp.162-175.當然,此處偏重於強調的是一種為某種確定的世界觀(“world view”)所規定的整體文化語境,並非具體的曆史語境。

[116] Eugene Chen Ouyang,“Polar Paradigms in Poetics:Chinese and Western Literary Premises”,Cornelia Moore and Raymond Moody(eds.),Comparative Literature:East and West,University of Hawai‘i Press,1989.同期發表的相似觀點,也可參見Sun Cecile Chu-chin(孫築謹),“Problem of Perspective in Chinese-Western Comparative Literature Studies”,Canadian Review of Comparative Literature,Vol.13,No.4,1986.

[117] 例如,John L.Bishop,“Some Limitations of Chinese Fiction”,The Far Eastern Quarterly,Vol.15,No.2,1956.[美]夏誌清:《中國古典小說史論》,“導論”,南昌,江西人民出版社,2001。另外,也可以從白之主編的論文集《中國文類研究》收錄的一些論文中,見出貶抑說與肯定說——兩種不同的評價觀的交鋒。

[118] 參見Patrick Dewes Hannan,“The Early Chinese Short Story:A Critical Theory in Outline”,Cyril Birch(ed.),Studies in Chinese Literary Gen res,p.309.

[119] Andrew H.Plaks,“Towards A Critical Theory of Chinese Narrative”,Andrew H.Plaks(ed.),Chinese Narrative:Critical and Theoretical Essays,p.311.

[120] 為此,浦安迪還舉出一些類目加以說明,比如“傳”,包含了“左傳”“列傳”“傳奇”“水滸傳”“兒女英雄傳”等;“誌”,包含了“誌怪”“夷堅誌”“**寇誌”“東周列國誌”等;甚至於“記”,包括了“史記”“西遊記”等。由此可證,敘述的譜係容納了非常廣泛多樣的書寫類型。參見Andrew H.Plaks,“Towards A Critical Theory of Chinese Narrative”,Andrew H.Plaks(ed.),Chinese Narrative:Critical and Theoretical Essays,p.312.

[121] Andrew H.Plaks,Archetype and Allegory in “Dream of the Red Chamber”,Princeton University Press,1976,p.93.

[122] 有關此論題的討論,參見Henri Maspero,“Historical Romance in History”,Frank A.Kierman,Jr.,tr.,China in Antiquity,University of Massachusetts Press,1978;Yau-woon Ma,“Fact and Fantasy in T’ang Tales”,Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews,Vol.2,1980;David Johnson,“ Epic and History In Early China:The Matter of Wu Tzu Hsu”,Journal of Asian Studies,Vol.40,No.2,1981;David Derwei Wang,“ Fictional History/Historical Fiction”,Studies in Language and LiteratureI,1985;Anthony-C.Yu,“History,Fiction and the Reading of Chinese Narrative”,Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews,Vol.10,No.1/2,1988.另,1980年出版的一個英文論集也曾涉及此話題,其中有William H.Nienhauser,Jr.,“Some Preliminary Remarks on Fiction,The Classical Tradition and Society in Late Ninth-century China”;Winston L.Y.Yang,“The Literary Transformation of Historical Figures in the San-kou Chih yen-y”,Winston L.K.Yang and Curtis P.Adkins(eds.),Critical Essays on Chinese Fiction,Hong Kong,The Chinese University Press,1980.

[123] 參見John Ching-yu Wang,“Early Chinese Narrative:The Tso-Chuan as Example”,Andrew H.Plaks(ed.),Chinese Narrative:Critical and Theoretical Essays .王靖宇在此即傾向於從“文學”的角度分析《左傳》,並對這種看法做了理論上的解釋。倪豪士關於“製作”的論述也直指《國語》《戰國策》等,參見William H.Nienhauser,Jr.,“The Origins of Chinese Fiction”,Monumenta Serica,Vol.38,1988-89.倪豪士另外討論小說與曆史關係的論文,參見“ A Structural Reading of the Chuan in the Weng-yüan Ying-hua”,Journal of Asian Studies,Vol.36,No.3,1977;“Literature as a Source for Traditional History:The Case of Ou-yang Chan”,Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews,Vol.12,1990.

[124] Sheldon Hsiao-peng Lu,From Historicity to Fictionality,The Chinese Poetics of Narrative,Stanford University Press,1994.

[125] 參見Shi Liang,Reconstructing the Historical Discourse of Traditional Chinese Fiction,The Edwin Mellen Press,2002;Gu Ming Dong,Chinese Theories of Fiction:A Non-Western Narrative System,State University of New York Press,2006.

[126] 參見Milena Dolezelová-Velingerová(米列娜),Graham Senders(孫廣仁)所撰《中國古代小說和戲劇理論》一文的解說,其中提道:“小說和戲劇的理論長期處於人們對詩歌偏好的陰影之中,詩歌被認為是中國文學不可逾越的文學樣式。”(王曉路:《北美漢學界的中國文學思想研究》,“附錄二”,709頁)對於劉若愚的中國文論體係建構中出現的小說與戲劇理論闕如的情況,劉氏曾解釋為是“因為戲劇和小說,在中國相當晚期才發展成為完整的文學類型”([美]劉若愚:《中國文學理論》,19頁),這顯然無法令人信服。

[127] 田曉菲:《關於北美中國中古文學研究之現狀的總結與反思》,見張海惠:《北美中國學:研究概述與文獻資源》,610頁。

[128] 李峰:《早期中國研究及其考古學基礎——全球化時代的新觀察》,見張海惠:《北美中國學:研究概述與文獻資源》,62頁。

[129] [美]孫康宜:《詞與文類研究》,“中文版序”,2頁。

[130] 參見Charles Bernheimer,“The Bernheimer Report,1993:Comparative Literature at the Turn of the Century:American Comparative Literature Association Report on Professional Studies”,1993.

[131] Gungwu Wang,“Shifting Paradigms and Asian Perspectives:Implication for Research and Teaching”,Syed Alatas(ed.),Reflection on Alternative Discourse From Southeast Asia,Singapore,Centre for Advanced Studies,1998.

[132] 參見李歐梵:《徘徊在現代和後現代之間》,台北,正中書局,1996;李歐梵:《未完成的現代性》,北京,北京大學出版社,2005。

[133] Haun Saussy,The Problem of A Chinese Aesthetic,Stanford University Press,1993,p.2.中文版參見[美]蘇源熙:《中國美學問題》,南京,江蘇人民出版社,2009。

[134] 關於“婦女”這一概念的話語建構屬性問題,參見Tani E.Barlow,“Theorizing Woman:Funǚ,Guojia,Jiating”,Angela Zito and Tabi Barlow(eds.),Body,Subject and Power,University of Chicago Press,1994,pp.253-289.高彥頤也循此而對“婦女”(women)與“女性”(femininity)的概念做了辨識,參見Dorothy Ko,Teacher of the Inner Chambers:Women and Culture in Seventeenth-Century,China,Stanford University Press,1994.中文版參見[美]高彥頤:《閨墅師:明末清初江南的才女文化》,“中文版序”,南京,江蘇人民出版社,2005。也可參見[美]孫康宜:《女性主義者論中國現代性》,載《明報月刊》,1996(5)。但無論這些概念在西方的語境中出現了什麽問題,至少可以說,當今的婦女研究幾乎不可能保持某種客觀性而又不受到女性主義的影響。因此,盡管“婦女”的概念依然可以保留,但“婦女史”或“婦女研究”這類概念則難以作為一種學科範型而繼續成立。西方關於“women”一詞的論爭,也可參見Chandra Talpade Mohanty,“Under Western Eyes:Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses”,Feminist Review,Vol.30,pp.61-88;Judith Butler,Gender Trouble:Feminism and the Subversion of Identity,Routledge,1990,p.148.

[135] 20世紀90年代初期,從多學科角度研究中國性別的結集中,有幾種尤其值得關注,如Christina K.Gilmartin,Gail Hershatter,Lisa Rofel and Tyrene White(eds.),Engendering China:Women,Culture and the State,Harvard University Press,1994;Angela Zito and Tabi Barlow(eds.),Body,Subject and Power,University of Chicago Press,1994。後者尤其表明了從“文化研究”視域出發所做的一種嚐試性探索,盡管所選論文未必都聚焦於女性。另有Jose Ignacio Cabezon(ed.),Buddhism,Sexuality,and Gender,State University of New York Press,1992.該書在佛學研究的過程中提出了新的觀察立場,即女性自我意識的特殊存在,而這在過去的研究中常常是被忽視的。20世紀90年代中期以後,尤其是21世紀以來,各種與性別研究相關的論文集被大量出版,不再於此詳列。

[136] 例如,費俠莉在其對女性身體的論述中,盡管認為有些自然的、生理的屬性是不可略去的,但總起來看,對身體的認識均由不同的文化建構,並可為中國傳統中的陰陽學說、社會理論等充分證實,而且傳統中醫的宇宙論框架也建於其上。因此,從文化隱喻與話語實踐的角度來理解中國人對女性及其身體的看法,也將展示出當前研究的一種新路徑。參見Charlotte Furth,A Flourishing Yin:Gender in China’s Medical History(960-1665),University of California Press,1999,pp.1-17,310-312.

[137] 對“社會性別”較為全麵的闡述,參見Dorothy Ko的Teacher of the Inner Chambers:Women and Culture in Seventeenth-Century,China 第一部分,以及Susan Mann的 Precious Record:Women in China’s Long Eighteen Century 中的“Introduction”部分及第二章“Gender”等。

[138] 關於男女互補與陰陽同體(androgynous body)等在哲學上所做的論證,參見費俠莉在A Flourishing Yin:Gender in China’s Medical History(960-1665)一書中的闡述。

[139] 關於對受虐論的比較激烈的批評,參見高彥頤在Teacher of the Inner Chambers:Women and Culture in Seventeenth-Century,China 中的論述;而對agency,即“能動性”或“行動者”的強調,尤可參見尹沛霞在The Inner Quarters:Marriage and lives of Chinese Women in the Sung Period 中的論述。

[140] Ellen Widmer and Kang-i Sun Chang(eds.),Writing Women in Late Imperial China,Stanford University Press,1997.

[141] Kang-i Sun Chang and Haun Saussy(eds.),Women Writers of Traditional China:An Anthology of Poetry and Criticism,Stanford University Press,1999.

[142] 關於《彤管:中華帝國的書寫女性》一書在編纂理念上的這一特點,參見編者在該書的“Introduction”中所做的陳述。Wilt Idema and Beata Grant(eds.),The Red Brush:Writing Women of Imperial China,Harvard University East Asia Center,2004,pp.2-4.

[143] Joan Judge and Hu Ying(eds.),Beyond Exemplar Tales:Women’s Biography in Chinese History,Global,Area and International Archive,University of California Press,2011.

[144] 這個問題的提出也包含重寫文學史的自覺意識,相關解釋參見Kang-i Sun Chang,“Ming-Qing Anthologies of Women’s Poetry and Their Selection Strategies”,The Gest Library Journal,Vol.5,No.2,1992.然在“經典化”的問題上,方秀潔卻另有看法。她認為在明中後期的文學語境中,編輯與出版女性文集的熱情是由多種因素促成的,並不意味著就此存在使女性文學經典化的明顯意識,參見Grace S.Fong,“Gender and the Failure of Canonization:Anthologizing Women’s Poetry in the Late Ming”,Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews(CLEAR),Vol.26,2004,pp.129-149.

[145] 孫康宜後來也曾解釋道:“由於發掘的文本材料太多,我們隻精選了120多位才女的佳作,全書近900頁,有1/6的篇幅我們用來翻譯介紹有關婦女文學創作的中國傳統理論和評論,男女評論家各半。”[美]孫康宜:《孫康宜自選集:古典文學的現代觀》,312頁,上海,上海譯文出版社,2013。

[146] [美]孫康宜:《耶魯·性別與文化》,216頁,上海,上海文藝出版社,2000。

[147] Maureen Robertson,“Changing the Subject:Gender and Self-Inscription in Authors’ Prefaces and shi Poetry”,Ellen Widmer and Kang-i Sun Chang(eds.),Writing Women in Late Imperial China.

[148] 參見Dorothy Ko,Teacher of the Inner Chambers:Women and Culture in Seventeenth-Century,China,pp.78-89。許多學者也從另外的角度闡述了“情”的概念在晚明女性文論觀中的地位,參見Kang-i Sun Chang,The Late Ming Poet Ch’en Tzu-lung:Crises of Love and Loyalism,Yale University Press,1991.

[149] 參見Kang-i Sun Chang,“Ming-Qing Anthologies of Women’s Poetry and Their Selection Strategies”.該文通過陳子龍與柳如是的詩詞交往,闡明了“豔情”所包含的情與忠的關係。

[150] 參見[美]孫康宜:《耶魯·性別與文化》,207~223頁。高彥頤將鍾惺視為“女性詩人的最為熱心的倡導者”,並用較長篇幅對其“清”的概念做過分析。不過她又認為,鍾惺的這種論述,即“好詩=清物=女人”的公式,也會導致對女性的一種封閉性認知。參見Dorothy Ko,Teacher of the Inner Chambers:Women and Culture in Seventeenth-Century,China,pp.61-71.

[151] 參見Susan Mann,Precious Record:Women in China’s Long Eighteen Century,p.226.

[152] 參見Grace S.Fong,“Gender and the Failure of Canonization:Anthologizing Women’s Poetry in the Late Ming”,Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews(CLEAR),Vol.26,2004,pp.129-149.

[153] 例如,孫康宜更偏向於強調中國傳統中的男女一直分享並認同著“共同的文化”,兩性處在文化上的互動關係之中。參見[美]孫康宜:《孫康宜自選集:古典文學的現代觀》,304~310頁。而高彥頤則認為,我們不能否認存在一個男性占統治地位的性別體係,但婦女也仍然有可能通過與這一體製的合作或博弈,創造出一個自由行動的空間,從而賦予自身以意義、安慰與尊嚴。參見Dorothy Ko,Teacher of the Inner Chambers:Women and Culture in Seventeenth-Century,China,pp.8-9.白馥蘭則認為,可以認同高彥頤通過對精英女性展示而表達出的自主性觀點,但是也有必要跨越階級的界限,去探索在更廣闊的技術與生產等領域內傳統婦女與男權秩序之間的關係。參見Francesca Bray,Technology and Gender:Fabrics of Power in Late Imperial China,University of California Press,1997.而其他學者的持論也有些微的差異,需要謹慎待之。

[154] [美]孫康宜:《孫康宜自選集:古典文學的現代觀》,20頁。當然,關於這個問題也要分開來看。一方麵,這些論點的確衝擊了長期以來以西方傳統漢學(也包括中國“五四”啟蒙話語)為主導的性別觀;另一方麵,其實反對前期過於強盛的“受虐”理論、“差異”理論(“二分法”)的觀念,在20世紀90年代之後已逐漸成為英美女性主義文化研究的一種流行話語,也有將之稱為“後女性主義文化批評”的。因此單就理論的層麵來看,它並沒有太多地超出西方話語的範疇,對中國語境的研究中所產生的話語特殊性的認定,似乎還需要對比此種情況再做出更深入的說明。

[155] 參見[美]孫康宜:《孫康宜自選集:古典文學的現代觀》,21頁。

[156] Thomas Francis Carter,The Invention of Printing in China and its Spread Westward,Columbia University Press,1925.這也是英語世界漢學研究的名著,1955年,該書由富路特(Luther Carrington Goodrich,也譯傅路特等)詳細校訂增補後,於紐約再版。

[157] 參見Denis Twitchett,Printing and Publishing in Medieval China,London,The Wynkyn de Worde Society,1983.

[158] 關於對新舊學術範型所做的反思,也可參見[美]周紹明:《書籍的社會史:中華帝國晚期的書籍與士人文化》,“中文版序”,北京,北京大學出版社,2009。

[159] 文化研究對之論述很多,可參見斯圖亞特·霍爾所撰《編碼/解碼》一文,及霍爾為所編《表征:文化表征與意指實踐》一書撰寫的緒論。Stuart Hall,“Encoding and Decoding in the Media Discourse”,Birmingham,CCCS,stencilled paper,No.7,1973;Stuart Hall(ed.),Representation:Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices,SAGE Publications,1997.

[160] 關於來自西方學界,尤其是法國學界對書籍、印刷等研究的影響,參見Cynthia Joanne Brokaw(包筠雅),“ Publishing,Society and Culture in Pre-modern China:The Evolution of Print Culture”,International Journal of Asian Studies,2,1,2005,pp.139-140.其中,日本的相關研究也對美國漢學產生過一定的影響。關於“書籍史”“印刷文化”“出版史”等提法,梅爾清(Tobie Meyer-Fong)曾撰文認為,在中文的語境中,這些概念之間“精確的界線仍然沒有令人滿意的定義”,然而都引出了“交流循環”(Communication Circuit)的概念,從而極大地擴展了研究的社會文化視野。參見[美]梅爾清:《印刷的世界:書籍、出版文化和中華帝國晚期的文化》,載《史林》,2008(4)。

[161] 對跨國文本流通的研究,包括對來華傳教士翻譯與著述文本的西傳、西方19世紀初以來印刷工藝輸入對中國傳播業的影響、早期美國意象主義運動引發的東方文本的跨太平洋移位等的研究,其中有些也頗涉文本與文論問題,限於篇幅,暫擱置不述。

[162] 參見Late Imperial China,Vol.17,No.1,1996.除一篇譯自法國學者夏蒂埃所撰的序言之外,其他北美漢學家的文章均是對中國本土書籍傳播等的具體研究,如賈晉珠的“The Development of the Jiangyang Book Trade”,包筠雅的“Commercial Publishing in Late Imperia,China:The Zou and Ma family Businesses of Sibao,Fujian”,卜正民的 “Edifying Knowledge:The Building of School Libraries in Ming China”,周啟榮的 “Writing for Success Printing,Examinations,and Intellectual Change in Late Ming Ching”,白愷思的 “ ‘A Precious Raft to Save the World’:The Interaction of Scriptural Traditions and Printing in a Chinese Morality Book”。

[163] 參見Cynthia J,Brokaw and Kai-wing Chou(eds.),Printing and Book Culture in Late Imperial China,University of California Press,2005.包筠雅在此領域的研究所起的導引性作用值得注意,其理論見解參見該書所載論文 “On the History of the Book in China”。

[164] Lucille Chia,Printing for Profit:The Commercial Publishers of Jianyang,Fuji an[11th-17th Centuries],Cambridge,Harvard University Asia Center,2002.

[165] Kai-wing Chow,Publishing,Culture,and Power in Early Modern China,Stanford University Press,2004.

[166] Joseph P.Mcdermott,A Social History of the Chinese Book:Books and Literati Culture in Late Imperial China,Hong Kong University Press,2006.

[167] Cynthia Joanne Brokaw,Commerce in Culture:The Sibao Book in the Qing and Republican Periods,Cambridge,Harvard University Asia Center,2007.

[168] Timothy H.Barrett,The Women Who Discovered Printing,Yale University Press,2008.

[169] 參見Christopher A.Reed(芮哲非),Gutenberg in Shanghai:Chinese Print Capitalism,1876-1937,The University of British Columbia Press,2004.該書曾獲第四屆亞洲學者大會(the International Convention of Asian Scholars)“最佳亞洲人文科學研究獎”。季家珍在這方麵發表了大量論文,並有專著《印刷與政治:時報與晚清政治改革中的文化問題》(Print and politics:‘Shibao’ and the Culture of Reforming Late Qing China,Stanford University Press,1996)等。目前,芮哲非正與方秀潔等人共同主持一個重大項目“中國通俗報刊研究的新路徑:性別與文化生產”(A New Approach to the Popular Press in China:Gender and Cultural Production,1904-1937)。另如對傳教士與近代中國出版業之間關係的研究、女性身份重構與近代報刊關係的研究,以及新興媒介與近代大眾政治關係的研究等,近年均受到漢學界的積極關注。

[170] 包筠雅的論文見 C ynthia J,Brokaw,“Reading the Best-Sellers of the Nineteenth Century:Commercial Publications from Sibo”,Cynthia J,Brokaw and Kai-wing Chou(eds.),Printing and Book Culture in Late Imperial China.馬蘭安關於閱讀與讀者的論文有Anne Mclaren,“Constructing New Reading Publics in Late Ming China”,ibid;著作有Anne E Mclaren,Chinese Popular Culture and Ming Chantefables,Leiden,Brill,2001.當然,涉及閱讀問題的研究還有許多,如何穀理、魏愛蓮、周啟榮等人所做的研究。

[171] 參見Stuart H.Sargent,“Context of the Song Lyric in Sung Times:Communication Technology,Social Change,Morality”,Pauline Yu(ed.),Voice of the Song Lyric in China,pp.226-256.

[172] Ellen Widmer,“The Huangduzhai of Hangzhou and Suzhou:A Study in Seventeenth Century Publishing”,Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,Vol.56,No.1,1996.譯成中文的論文有[美]魏愛蓮:《缺乏機械化的現代性:鴉片戰爭前夕小說形態的改變》(Modernization without Mechanization:The Changing Shape of Fiction on the Eve of the Opium War),載《浙江大學學報(人文社會科學版)》,2010(2)。

[173] 參見Ellen Widmer,TheBeauty and the Book:Women and Fiction in Nineteenth-Century China,Harvard University Asia Center,2006.

[174] Robert E.Hegel,Reading Illustrated Fiction in Late Imperial China,Stanford University Press,1998.

[175] 柯律格這方麵的研究,參見Craig Clunas,Pictures and Visuality in Early Modern China,London,Reaktion Books,1997,中文版參見[英]柯律格:《明代的圖像與視覺性》,北京,北京大學出版社,2011;Craig Clunas,Empire of Great Brightness:Visual and Material Cultures of Ming China,1368-1644,London,Reaktion books,2007.另一種與此論題相關的有意思的著作是Hsiao Li-ling(蕭麗玲)所撰《永存現今的過去:萬曆年間的插圖、戲劇與閱讀》( The Eternal Present of the Past:Illustration,Theater,and Reading in the Wanli Period,1573-1619,Leiden,Brill,2007)。兩書均涉及晚明時期的閱讀經驗問題。

[176] 對這些概念的論述,參見Kai-wing Chow,Publishing,Culture,and Power in Early Modern China,“Introduction”,“Conclusion”.

[177] 參見Catherine Vance Yeh,Shanghai Love:Courtesans,Intellectuals,and Entertainment Culture,1950-1910,University of Washington,2006.中文版參見[美]葉凱蒂:《上海·愛:名妓、知識分子和娛樂文化(1850~1910)》,北京,生活·讀書·新知三聯書店,2012。

[178] 宇文所安對這一問題的論述見於多種材料,一個比較集中的解釋,參見[美]宇文所安:《中國早期古典詩歌的生成》,“序言”,北京,生活·讀書·新知三聯書店,2012。另,也可見其“Manuscript Legacy of the Tang:The Case of Literature”,Harvard Journal of Asiatic Syudies,Vol.67,No.2,2007.

[179] Tian Xiaofei,Tao yuanming & Manuscript Culture:The Record of a Dusty Table,University of Washington Press,2005.中文版可參見田曉菲:《塵幾錄:陶淵明與手抄本文化研究》,北京,中華書局,2007。

[180] Christopher M.B.Nugent,Manifest in Word,Written on Paper:Producing and Circulating Poetry in Tang Dynasty China,Harvard University Asia Center,2011.

[181] 也可參見艾文嵐對唐傳奇不同版本的比較研究等,如Sarah M.Allen,“Tales Retold:Narrative Variation in a Tang Story”,Harvard Journal of Asiatic Syudies,Vol.66,No.1,2006.

[182] Wang Yugen,Ten Thousand Scrolls:Reading and Writing in Poetics of Huang Tingjian and the Late Northern Song,Harvard University Asia Center,2011.

[183] 關於對“副文本”的考察,參見《中國近代早期的出版、文化與權力》第三章,對職業文學批評家在一般出版市場與科舉出版市場中的作用的考察,可參見上書第四章,但交叉論述的情況也很常見。

[184] 梅爾清在對英語國家20年來的印刷史研究的綜述中也注意到其他一些表現。例如,她發現一些研究圖版的漢學家們也會關注圖文間的關係,這些與圖像共生的文字也屬於批注的範疇。他如馬安蘭在“Constructing New Reading Publics in Late Ming China”一文中,借助對序言與點評在修辭性用語方麵的變化來考察大眾閱讀社會的形成過程。[美]梅爾清:《印刷的世界:書籍、出版文化和中華帝國晚期的文化》,載《史林》,2008(4)。

[185] 國內學者對這一問題在理論上所做的一些闡釋,可參見王兵:《清人選清詩與清代詩學》序,黃卓越撰,北京,中國社會科學出版社,2011。

[186] 參見Meyer Howard Abrams and Geoffrey Galt Harpham(eds.),A Glossary of Literary Terms,Wadsworth Publishing,2009,pp.364-365.

[187] 關於這點,參見克利福德、馬庫斯的《寫文化:民族誌的詩學與政治學》一書的多處論述。克利福德和馬庫斯認為,如果將人類學成果看作一種“寫作”(“文本化”)的話,那麽,毫無疑問,它勢必會借助於當代文學批評的基本話語。馬庫斯還提到,這種“文學理論”的一個主要驅力,“便是將文學批評轉化進一種具有更大包容麵的文化批評”。參見James Clifford and George E.Marcus(eds.),Writing Culture:The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography,University of California,1986,p.262.關於曆史學研究的文論化或泛文論化取向,參見林恩·亨特的論述(Lynn Hunt,The New Cultural History,“Introduction”,University of California,1989,pp.1-22)。

[188] 有關於此,鮑則嶽表示他偏向於杜邦索(Peter S.Du Ponceau)與卜弼德(Peter A.Bo-odberg)的看法,認為將漢語僅僅看作以“觀看”為主、與聲音無關的圖像表意文字是一種幼稚的看法,而讚同漢字與其他任何語言一樣,隻是一個呈示聲音的圖標設置,是視覺、聽覺與意義的組合體。據杜邦索的看法,從形態上看,中文與西方拚音文字的區別在於,前者使用的是“Characters”(字符),而後者使用的則是“letter”(字母)。參見William G.Boltz,The Origin and Early Development of the Chinese Writing System,American Oriental Society,1994,pp.1-9.杜邦索對漢字的論述可參見其《漢字的字符及其特征》(A Dissetation on the Nature and Character of the Chinese System of Writing,1838)一書。與杜邦索、卜弼德意見一致的還有德範克(John DeFrancis),參見John DeFrancis,The Chinese Language:Fact and Fantacy,University of Hawai‘i Press,1984. 鮑則嶽曾專門撰文推重德範克此著。從話語的設置上看,鮑則嶽似並未明確涉入後殖民主義問題的討論,但正如康奈利在評論鮑則嶽的研究時所指出的,普遍主義的語言理論以及語文學與當時的歐洲殖民主義是有關聯的,參見Christopher Leigh Connery,The Empire of the Text:Writing and Authority in Early Imperial China,Lanham,Rowman & Littlefield Publisher,Inc.,1998,pp.33-34.

[189] William G.Boltz,The Origin and Early Development of the Chinese Writing System,p.156.

[190] 參見William G.Boltz,The Origin and Early Development of the Chinese Writing System,p.157.

[191] 這也是鮑則嶽自覺設置的兩個主要分析層次,前者關及“物質材料”(material),後者關及語言本體(linguistic)。參見William G.Boltz,The Origin and Early Development of the Chinese Writing System,pp.9-10.

[192] 盡管這一提法在英美漢學界並非鮑則嶽首創,但由於其突顯式的闡述,及對決定文字與書寫變化的內在構成的深入揭示,因此從西方當代的漢學研究係脈上看,仍有特定的意義。

[193] Mark Edward Lewis,Sanctioned Violence in Early China,State University of New York Press,1900.

[194] 關於這個問題的評論,參見Christopher Leigh Connery,The Empire of the Text:Writing and Authority in Early Imperial China,pp.10-11.

[195] 參見Mark Edward Lewis,Writing and Authority in Early China,State University of New York Press,1999,pp.3-4.

[196] 參見Mark Edward Lewis,Writing and Auhtority in Early China,p.361.這個概念的使用也可參見陸威儀《早期中華帝國:秦與漢》(Mark Edward Lewis,The Early Chinese Empires:Qin and Han,Harvard University Press,2007)第九章中有關“文學”的描述。

[197] 需要指出,這樣一種觀念明顯受到了德·賽都關於“書寫神話”思想的影響,同時也與海登·懷特的後現代曆史敘述學的見解趨同。德·賽都的論述,參見Michel de Certeau,L’écriture de L’histoire,Gallimard,Chapter 1,1975.

[198] 參見Mark Edward Lewis,Writing and Autority in Early China,pp.363-365.

[199] 這方麵稍早的討論也可參見王靖宇、倪豪士等人關於中國敘事“虛構化”的論述,後期的研究注入了更新的理論視野,其討論也更整體化了。有些論述也可參見Christina Shuttleworth Kraus(ed.),The Limits of Historiography:Genre and Narritive in Ancient Historical Texts,Leiden,Brill,1999.

[200] 參見Daivd Schaberg,A Patterned Past:Form and Thought in Early Chinese Historiography,Harvard University Asia Center,2001;Daivd Schaberg,“Song and Historical Imagination in Early China”,Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,Vol.59,No.2,1999.與史嘉柏等人的觀點相近,柯馬丁(Martin Kern)也有一些關於曆史的詩學性建構的討論,參見[德]柯馬丁:《漢史之詩:〈史記〉、〈漢書〉敘事中的詩歌含義》,載《中國典籍與文化》,2007(3)。

[201] 對阿爾都塞與福柯理論的闡釋,參見Christopher Leigh Connery,The Empire of the Text:Writing and Authority in Early Imperial China,pp.24-27.

[202] 在它處,康奈利又寫道:“我希望強調一下我的觀點,即文言文的文本權威性並不在於它是某種說出‘真實’的語言,而是它作為語言學上的權威,是通過組成元素的相係方式,內在地被構造出來的。”Christopher Leigh Connery,The Empire of the Text:Writing and Authority in Early Imperial China,p.19.

[203] 關於“純文學”的書寫,參見Christopher Leigh Connery,The Empire of the Text:Writing and Authority in Early Imperial China,pp.141-170.

[204] 參見Christopher Leigh Connery,The Empire of the Text:Writing and Authority in Early Imperial China,pp.99-107.

[205] Christopher Leigh Connery,The Empire of the Text:Writing and Authority in Early Imperial China,p.14.

[206] 具體而言,陸威儀的研究就沒有更多考慮到文獻資料本身帶有的事實與虛構的複雜性,以及其間顯露的無數細密與重大的縫隙。在康奈爾的研究中,則多存在一些為其不證自明的要素,比如為凸顯其所述統合性與文本整體性的主題而略去了對不同類型的書寫士人群體之間差異性,以及士與宮廷權威之間在意識形態選擇上的差異性等的考察;與之同時,也沒有將權力本身進行內部的分層,以至於簡化了“權威”的概念。

[207] 對過度理論化的批評,參見[德]柯馬丁:《學術領域的界定——北美中國早期文學研究概況》,見張海惠:《北美中國學:研究概述與文獻資源》,583頁。

[208] 參見Christopher Leigh Connery,The Empire of the Text:Writing and Authority in Early Imperial China,p.4.

[209] 後來的漢學家對此問題也有反思,參見Michael Nylan(戴梅可),“Textual Authority in Pre-Han and Han”,Early China,Vol.25,2000;Martin Kern,“Feature:Writing and Authority in Early China,By Mark Edward Lewis”,China Review International,Vol.7,2000.

[210] 葉維廉對其研究主要集中在“傳釋”學的闡述上,參見葉維廉:《中國詩學》,北京,生活·讀書·新知三聯書店,1992。

[211] Kai-wing Chow,On-cho Ng,and John B.Henderson(eds.),Imagining Boundaries:Changing Confucian Doctrines,Text,and Hermeneutics,State University of New York Press,1999.

[212] Tu Ching-I(ed.),Classics and Interpretation:The Hermeneutic Traditions in Chinese Culture,New Brunswick,Transaction Publishers,2000.塗經詒稍後編輯出版的同類著作還有:Tu Ching-I(ed.),Interpratation and Intellectual Change:Chinese Hermeneutics in Historical Perspective,New Brunswick,Transaction Publishers,2004.

[213] Pauline Yu,Peter Bol,Stephen Owen,and Willard Peterson(eds.),Ways with Words:Writing about Reading Texts from Early China,University of California Press,2000.

[214] 此後的研究,也可參見John Makeham,Transmitters and Creators:Chinese Commentators and Commentaries on the Analects,Harvard University Asia Center,2004;Gu Ming Dong,Chinese Theories of Reading and Writing:A Route to Hermeneutics and Open Poetics,State University New York Press,2005.此外,還有大量論文。

[215] 參見Steven Van Zoeren,Poetry and Personality:Reading,Exegesis,and Hermeneutics in Traditional China,Stanford University Press,1991,pp.11-13.對“詩言誌”這一概念的進一步研究,也可參見蘇源熙在《中國美學問題》中的描述,亦引用了範氏之說。

[216] John B.Henderson,Scripture,Canon and Commentary:A Comparison of Confucian and Western Exegesis,Princeton University Press,1991,p.4.

[217] 這種大跨度的比較研究,也可參見John B.Henderson,The Construction of Orthodoxy and Heresy:Neo-Confucian,Islamic,Jewish,and Early Christian Patterns,State University of New York Press,1998.

[218] 中國學者對韓德森該書的初步介紹,參見陳鋼:《文獻學與漢學史的寫作——兼評韓大偉〈頂禮膜拜:漢學先驅與古典漢語文獻學的發展〉》,載《世界漢學》。2005(1)。